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When a short circuit or fault occurs within an electrical substation, high currents flow through the earth via the grounding system. This creates a rise in electrical potential on the surface of the ground, known as Ground Potential Rise (GPR).

One of the most practical sections of the standard deals with (e.g., crushed stone or asphalt). IEEE 80-2013 provides formulas to calculate the "derating" of touch and step voltage limits based on the resistivity of the surface layer.

Touch voltage is the potential difference between the ground potential rise (GPR) of a grounded metallic structure and the surface potential at the point where a person is standing, assuming the person is concurrently touching the structure. The path of the current is from the hand, through the chest, down the legs, and into the feet to the earth. The tolerable touch voltage for a person is calculated using the following formula:

Assisting engineers in mapping out practical, physical grounding grids.

Many engineering firms, utilities, and universities maintain enterprise-wide access to the IEEE standards catalog.

Compare the actual calculated voltages against the tolerable thresholds calculated in Step 3.